diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 38531ff..79fc346 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -162,14 +162,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
  "axum",
  "axum-extra",
- "futures-util",
  "jsonwebtoken",
  "openidconnect",
  "reqwest",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "thiserror",
- "tower",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 636d575..3b40a2d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,10 +18,8 @@ serde = "1.0"
 serde_json = "1.0"
 
 jsonwebtoken = {version="^8.3", optional=true}
-tower = {version="^0.4", optional=true}
-futures-util = {version="^0.3",optional=true}
 
 [features]
 default = [ "jwt", "oidc" ]
 oidc = [ "openidconnect", "axum-extra" ]
-jwt = [ "tower", "jsonwebtoken", "futures-util", "reqwest/json", "reqwest/rustls-tls", "serde/derive" ]
+jwt = [ "jsonwebtoken", "reqwest/json", "reqwest/rustls-tls", "serde/derive" ]
diff --git a/src/error.rs b/src/error.rs
index 6c4efcd..cffb029 100644
--- a/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/error.rs
@@ -65,6 +65,10 @@ pub enum Error {
     #[cfg(feature = "jwt")]
     #[error("jsonwebtoken: {0}")]
     JsonWebToken(#[from] jsonwebtoken::errors::Error),
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "jwt")]
+    #[error("jwt invalid")]
+    JwtInvalid,
 }
 
 impl IntoResponse for Error {
@@ -78,6 +82,10 @@ impl IntoResponse for Error {
 
             #[cfg(feature = "oidc")]
             Self::Redirect(redirect) => redirect.into_response(),
+
+            #[cfg(feature = "jwt")]
+            Self::JwtInvalid => (StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED, "access token invalid").into_response(),
+
             _ => (StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "internal server error").into_response(),
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/jwt.rs b/src/jwt.rs
index fd03005..ce89a22 100644
--- a/src/jwt.rs
+++ b/src/jwt.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,12 @@
-use std::{
-    marker::PhantomData,
-    task::{Context, Poll},
-};
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
+use async_trait::async_trait;
 use axum::{
-    body::Body,
-    http::Request,
-    response::{IntoResponse, Response},
+    extract::{FromRef, FromRequestParts},
+    http::request::Parts,
 };
-use futures_util::future::BoxFuture;
 use jsonwebtoken::{decode, Algorithm, DecodingKey, Validation};
-use reqwest::StatusCode;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use tower::{Layer, Service};
+use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Deserialize};
 
 use crate::error::Error;
 
@@ -35,10 +29,8 @@ pub struct Claims<A: Clone> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct JwtLayer<A: Clone> {
-    algorithm: Algorithm,
-    issuer: Vec<String>,
-    audience: Vec<String>,
+pub struct JwtApplication<A: Clone> {
+    validation: Validation,
     pubkey: DecodingKey,
     _a: PhantomData<A>,
 }
@@ -48,7 +40,7 @@ struct IssuerDiscovery {
     public_key: String,
 }
 
-impl<A: Clone> JwtLayer<A> {
+impl<A: Clone> JwtApplication<A> {
     pub async fn new(issuer: String, audience: String) -> Result<Self, Error> {
         let issuer_key = reqwest::get(&issuer)
             .await?
@@ -63,78 +55,45 @@ impl<A: Clone> JwtLayer<A> {
 
         let pubkey = DecodingKey::from_rsa_pem(pem.as_bytes())?;
 
+        let mut validation = Validation::new(Algorithm::RS256);
+        validation.set_issuer(&[issuer]);
+        validation.set_audience(&[audience]);
+        validation.validate_nbf = true;
+
         Ok(Self {
-            algorithm: Algorithm::RS256,
-            issuer: vec![issuer],
-            audience: vec![audience],
+            validation,
             pubkey,
             _a: PhantomData,
         })
     }
 }
 
-impl<S, A: Clone> Layer<S> for JwtLayer<A> {
-    type Service = JwtService<S, A>;
-
-    fn layer(&self, inner: S) -> Self::Service {
-        let mut validation = Validation::new(self.algorithm);
-        validation.set_issuer(&self.issuer);
-        validation.set_audience(&self.audience);
-        validation.validate_nbf = true;
-        JwtService {
-            validation,
-            pubkey: self.pubkey.clone(),
-            inner,
-            _a: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct JwtService<S, A: Clone> {
-    validation: Validation,
-    pubkey: DecodingKey,
-    inner: S,
-    _a: PhantomData<A>,
-}
-
-impl<S, A: Clone> Service<Request<Body>> for JwtService<S, A>
+#[async_trait]
+impl<S, A> FromRequestParts<S> for Claims<A>
 where
-    S: Service<Request<Body>, Response = Response> + Send + 'static,
-    S::Future: Send + 'static,
-    A: Clone + for<'a> Deserialize<'a> + 'static + Sync + Send,
+    S: Send + Sync,
+    A: Clone + DeserializeOwned,
+    JwtApplication<A>: FromRef<S>,
 {
-    type Response = S::Response;
-    type Error = S::Error;
-    type Future = BoxFuture<'static, Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>>;
+    type Rejection = Error;
 
-    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
-        self.inner.poll_ready(cx)
-    }
+    async fn from_request_parts(parts: &mut Parts, state: &S) -> Result<Self, Self::Rejection> {
+        let application: JwtApplication<A> = JwtApplication::from_ref(state);
 
-    fn call(&mut self, mut req: Request<Body>) -> Self::Future {
-        let token = req
-            .headers()
+        let token = parts
+            .headers
             .get("Authorization")
             .and_then(|x| x.to_str().ok())
             .map(|x| x.chars().skip(7).collect::<String>());
 
-        let token =
-            token.and_then(|x| decode::<Claims<A>>(&x, &self.pubkey, &self.validation).ok());
-        let token_exists = token.is_some();
+        let token = token.and_then(|x| {
+            decode::<Claims<A>>(&x, &application.pubkey, &application.validation).ok()
+        });
 
         if let Some(token) = token {
-            req.extensions_mut().insert(token.claims);
+            Ok(token.claims)
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::JwtInvalid)
         }
-
-        let future = self.inner.call(req);
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            if token_exists {
-                let response: Response = future.await?;
-                Ok(response)
-            } else {
-                Ok((StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED, "access token invalid").into_response())
-            }
-        })
     }
 }